Measurement of China's public health level: compilation and research of an index.

BACKGROUND: With the development of the economy, public health has become increasingly important. Therefore, it is important to establish a comprehensive and scientific the public health level index (PHL) system to measure public health level as a research priority. The current research has limitations in exploring the PHL system; therefore, the field still lacks a comprehensive indicator system to measure the level of public health. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a multi-level public health index system and utilizes China as a case study to evaluate its public health status. The objective is to offer insights and recommendations for the improvement of public health initiatives in China and other regions. METHODS: Utilizing data from 2011 to 2020, a comprehensive PHL was developed to encompass three vital indices: the Public Health Service Index (PHS), the Public Health Resource Index (PHR), and the Population Health Level Index (PHL). Subsequently, the PHL, PHS, PHR, and PH were meticulously calculated using a comprehensive evaluation method. Amid the current disparity between public health and economic progress, both the spatial Durbin model and the spatial lag model were finally employed to examine the influence of economic level (EL) on PHL, thus affirming the consistent reliability and accuracy of PHS. RESULTS: Our findings revealed the following: (i) the PHL, PHS, and PHR indices show increasing trends in China; (ii) both EL and PHL exhibit high-high clustering and low-low clustering states; (iii) the PHL in the area has a positive spatial spillover effect on the surrounding area; (iv) EL will result in the siphoning effect of PHL; and (v) EL can enhance PHL through urbanization, PH, and PHS. CONCLUSIONS: The PHL system constructed in this paper demonstrates multiple levels, pluralism, spatio-temporal comparability, and robustness. It can reflect not only the input and output of public health initiatives but also the interconnectedness and autonomy within the public health system. Therefore, it can be widely utilized in other areas of public health research.

Comprehensive evaluation of water resources carrying capacity in Henan Province based on entropy weight TOPSIS - coupling coordination - obstacle model.

This study aims to investigate the water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) of Henan Province, identify its main obstacles, and provide suggestions for optimizing its WRCC. The article constructs a WRCC evaluation system with 20 indicators for the four subsystems of water resources, economy, society, and ecology based on literature and the actual situation of Henan Province. The entropy weighted TOPSIS method is used to calculate the WRCC of Henan Province from 2005 to 2021. The coupling coordination model is used to explore the degree of coupling coordination among internal systems, while the obstacle model is used to study its restrictive influencing factors. The study found that (1) the WRCC fluctuated in a U-shaped pattern around 0.5 during the study period; (2) the coupling and coordination degree of each subsystem is generally good, except for 2012 and 2013, which showed basic coordination; (3) currently, the main obstacles to the WRCC are ecosystems and water resources. The main indicators are afforestation area, proportion of the tertiary industry, fertilizer usage, and urban sewage treatment rate. Therefore, Henan Province should take measures such as reducing fertilizer usage, standardizing urban sewage treatment, improving water efficiency, and optimizing industrial structure to optimize its WRCC and promote comprehensive utilization of water resources.

The relationship between agricultural and animal husbandry economic development and carbon emissions in Henan Province, the analysis of factors affecting carbon emissions, and carbon emissions prediction.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between agricultural and animal husbandry economic development and carbon emissions and the influencing factors on carbon emissions. Here, we combine the Tapio decoupling model with the STIRPAT model by using the panel data of Henan province from 2000 to 2020 for it. Our results reveal that (i) the main relationship between agricultural and animal husbandry economic development and carbon emissions is strong decoupling and weak decoupling; (ii) the intensity of carbon emissions and labor effects can optimize their relationship; (iii) the urbanization rate and per capita consumption expenditure in rural areas have a negative impact on carbon emissions, while the carbon emission intensity and total power of agricultural machinery are opposite. Therefore, Henan province needs to optimize its industrial structure, improve the economic level of rural areas, and reduce the use of fertilizers.

Decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic development and prediction of carbon emissions in Henan Province: based on Tapio method and STIRPAT model.

In order to cope with global warming, China has put forward the "30 · 60" plan. We take Henan Province as an example to explore the accessibility of the plan. Tapio decoupling model is used to discuss the relationship between carbon emissions and economy in Henan Province. The influence factors of carbon emissions in Henan Province were studied by using STIRPAT extended model and ridge regression method, and the carbon emission prediction equation was obtained. On this basis, the standard development scenario, low-carbon development scenario, and high-speed development scenario are set according to the economic development model to analyze and predict the carbon emissions of Henan Province from 2020 to 2040. The results show that energy intensity effect and energy structure effect can promote the optimization of the relationship between economy and carbon emissions in Henan Province. Energy structure and carbon emission intensity have a significant negative impact on carbon emissions, while industrial structure has a significant positive impact on carbon emissions. Henan Province can achieve the "carbon peak" goal by 2030 years under the standard and low-carbon development scenario, but it cannot achieve this goal under the high-speed development scenario. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutralization" as scheduled, Henan Province must adjust its industrial structure, optimize its energy consumption structure, improve energy efficiency, and reduce energy intensity.